In previous studies, active suspension system in conventional powertrain systems was investigated. This paper presents the application of active suspension system in parallel hybrid Electric Vehicles as a novel idea. The main motivation for this study is investigation of the potential advantages of this application over the conventional one. For this purpose, a simultaneous simulation is developed that integrates the powertrain and active suspension systems in a unified media where the power and input data between two systems are exchanged. Using this concurrent simulation tool, the impact of the active suspension load on the internal combustion engine response is studied for both conventional and hybrid Electric configurations. The simulation results presented in this study show that there are quite remarkable advantages for application of the active suspension in parallel hybrid Electric Vehicles in comparison with the conventional one.

Fuel consumption in the transportation has been rising in recent decades and consequently, , it has increased pollution and environmental footprint. To address this worldwide problem, the aim of this study is to design a high-level controller with the capability to be implemented to a hybrid Electric car in real time, while optimizing fuel consumption and drivability. To achieve this goal, nonlinear model predictive control is utilized based on the longitudinal dynamics of the powertrain. First, the controller is designed for a specific reference. In the next step, the controller is set for a wide range of reference inputs, through tuning the weighting parameters of the optimal control problem. It ultimately shows that all control targets are satisfied. Also applying the proposed energy management system to the powertrain model leads to considerable fuel consumption reduction. Meanwhile, the controller has the capability of being implemented in real time while considering the complex dynamics of the system.

In this paper, Plug-in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (PFCEV) is considered with dual power sources including Fuel Cell (FC) and battery Energy Storage. In order to respond to a transient power demand, usually super capacitor energy storage device is combined with fuel cell to create a hybrid system with high energy density of fuel cell and the high power density of battery. In order to simulate the PEV model, dynamic state space models of bidirectional DC-DC converter and grid connected voltage source converter are considered to connect the PFCEV to the main grid. In order to stabilize the DC-link power and distribute the power between dual energy storage sources in PEV during normal and disturbance conditions on the grid voltage, a fuzzy control strategy has been developed. For tuning the parameters of fuzzy logic controller, the PSO (particle swarm optimization) algorithm has been used. This controller determines the super capacitor and fuel cell powers that should be generated according to the amount of available energy in DC-link. Moreover, a robust sliding mode control strategy for three phase power electronic converter based on positive and negative symmetrical components is presented to investigate the voltage disturbance ride-through capability.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Developing Southeast Asian countries, including Indonesia, have significant hurdles in addressing the increasing usage of motorized Vehicles and their detrimental impact on air quality, traffic, energy security, liability, and greenhouse gas emissions. is to assess the viability of transforming traditional internal combustion engine motorcycles into Electric Vehicles powered by batteries in Indonesia. The analysis will concentrate on the positive environmental outcomes, including decreased greenhouse gas emissions and energy usage, in addition to examining the economic and social consequences of this transition. The absence of exhaust emissions could create the impression that converting to battery-powered Electric Vehicles will consistently yield favorable environmental outcomes, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. Meanwhile, the economic and social impacts associated with Electric vehicle conversion programs are also taken into account savings during post-conversion.METHODS: Primary data was acquired through the distribution of questionnaires, conducting in-depth interviews with workshop managers, and obtaining scientific evaluations from participating experts. The Rapfish multidimensional scaling application was used to handle and evaluate the data. The analysis of the data involved the examination of five dimensions, namely social, economic, ecological, technological, and institutional, with each dimension comprising 37 variables.FINDINGS: The sustainability index, which stands at 70.39 percent, indicating a fair level of sustainability, implies that there is significant development potential in the conversion process of internal combustion engine motorbikes to battery Electric Vehicles by strategically focusing on key leverage factors across various dimensions. The institutional dimension registers the lowest value at 48.92 percent, whereas the environmental, technological, social, and economic dimensions’ exhibit values of 85.25 percent, 79.13 percent, 76.29 percent, and 62.37 percent, respectively. Achieving sustainability requires focused enhancements in various key areas: setting up waste conversion facilities in the environmental aspect, educating employees on environmental conservation and boosting business incentives in the social aspect, ensuring a stable supply of raw materials and maximizing market penetration in the economic aspect, and improving experience management and skill acquisition in the technological aspect. Additionally, the presence of funding, the involvement of marketing intermediaries, and the backing for initiatives aimed at converting Vehicles to Electric power within the institutional framework are key aspects that demand concentrated efforts.CONCLUSION: The multidimensional assessment indicates that Indonesia's Electric vehicle conversion program is progressing effectively, achieving an average sustainability index of 70.39 percent, categorized as fair. The results indicate that the initiative has effectively created a resilient, sustainable conversion framework that can be tailored to various environments and scenarios. To further enhance sustainability within these conversion initiatives, it is imperative to prioritize institutional dimensions, particularly financial and marketing support, as well as the critical role of the Electric vehicle conversion itself. This model provides significant perspectives for policymakers and government entities when developing and executing forthcoming policies and initiatives.

Lithium-ion battery technology in the modern automotive industry utilizes highly temperature-sensitive batteries. Here, air cooling strategies will be the most applicable for the chosen example based on strategies for temperature control. Simulations have been utilized to evaluate the different thermal management strategies. A battery model was developed using the solutions offered by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation technology. It utilizes the heat produced by the discharge of the battery cells. Due to the simulation's limited computational capacity, the energy transfer model was implemented with a simplified but sufficiently complex physical mesh. Ten actual measurements were conducted in the laboratory to investigate the heating of the cell during the charging and discharging of 18650-type batteries. The results were applied to validate the simulation model. The simulation outcomes and thermal camera readings were compared. The cell-level numerical model was then extended to examine the temperature variation at the system level. The primary design objective is to achieve the highest energy density possible, which necessitates that the cells be constructed as closely as possible; however, increasing the distance between the cells can provide superior cooling from a thermal management perspective. The effect of varying the distance between individual cells on the system's heating was analyzed. Greater distance resulted in a more efficient heat transfer. It was also discovered that, in some instances, a small distance between cells produces inferior results compared to when constructed adjacently. A critical distance range has been established based on these simulations, which facilitates the placement of the cells.

This paper proposes a new power management strategy (PMS) for parallel hybrid Electric Vehicles equipped with continuously variable transmission (CVT). The proposed PMS is established on the basis of Electric assist control strategy (EACS) and equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS). This control approach is based on maintaining the battery energy within a recommended range, considering the CVT efficiency in selecting the engine operating point, and finding the best power split between the engine and Electric motor at certain moments of the driving. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of this scheme, it is compared with EACS, a modified version of EACS and ECMS. It is shown that, in all of the studied driving cycles, the proposed PMS is superior to the considered rival strategies in terms of the fuel consumption and also HC and CO emissions.

Microgridis a new concept, which improves the efficiency of the power system. Electric Vehicles in microgrid can improve reliability, power loses and the efficiency of the microgrid. This paper intends to optimize the microgrid, using scheduling for charging and discharging of Electric Vehicles with regard to the movement of Vehicles between parking lots. The optimization of reliability, power losses and switching of microgrid with a new approach using Electric Vehicles for power transmission and considering the microgrid's feeder line model, is the innovations of this paper.

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